The research project focuses on the impact of Space Weather, specifically geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs), on critical technological
systems such as power and gas transmission networks in Spain. Space Weather arises from the Sun emitting particles and energy into
space, influencing Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and potentially affecting various systems. Geomagnetic disturbances induced
by solar activity can lead to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power grids and pipelines. GICs pose threats to power
transformers, potentially causing disruptions and outages. Additionally, GICs can impact gas and oil pipelines, affecting their cathodic
protection systems and leading to corrosion.
The project aims to model GICs in Spain's power and gas transmission networks, considering their conductive coupling. The study
includes the evaluation of risks in those systems, which are critical infrastructures for societal well-being. The research will utilize existing
models and collaborate with relevant entities to obtain necessary data for accurate modeling. The proposed objectives include pipe-to-soil
potential modeling in the gas transmission network, electromagnetic induction modeling considering power grid-pipeline interaction,
continuous updating of GIC models, and validation through direct and indirect measurements. The research will assess the time required
for GIC-induced corrosion to reach critical levels, addressing potential integrity issues in pipelines.
General objectives also include improving prediction models using deep-learning techniques. The study integrates magnetic disturbance
sources and resistivity models to provide comprehensive estimate of the geoelectric fields. The distributed-source transmission line theory
will be applied for modeling magnetic induction in pipelines, considering pipeline diameter and resistivity, coating properties, and network
geometry. The bus admittance matrix method will be employed for GIC modeling in the power grid. Validation of models will be crucial,
involving direct measurement of GICs in some transformers of the power grid and indirect measurement through variations in the magnetic
field under power lines or above pipelines. The proposed work includes developing new measurement devices and applying innovative
techniques like the differential magnetometry method.
Finally, the project emphasizes the societal importance of the reliability of power and gas transmission networks as well as the potential
risks posed by Space Weather events. The findings aim to contribute to infrastructure resilience and provide insights for designing systems
capable of withstanding extreme conditions. In conclusion, the project seeks to enhance Spain's capability to monitor and mitigate space
weather effects on critical infrastructures. Its outcomes are expected to contribute to the development of European-focused space weather
services and, crucially, improve the understanding of vulnerabilities in power and gas transmission networks.
